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MACHINES AND ENERGY

A machine is an instrument that makes work easier.

  • Simple machines (pliers, screwdriver, sharpener...).
    • Have one or two parts 
    • Some are called "tools

  • Complex machines (washing mahine, watch, biclycle...).
    • Have more than two parts.
    • Sometimes are a combination of different machines.

All machines need energy to work.

  • Fuel (car, bus, plane...).
  • Electricity (electric drill, hairdryer...).
  • Energy from people (scissors, stapler...).
  • Energy from sun, wind and water (heater, torch...).

INVENTIONS: THE PRINTING PRESS

Inventions have made big changes in what and how we read.

  • Clay tablets: used for writing using a tool such as a knife.
  • Papyrus (made from a river plant) and parchment (made from animal skins).
  • Early printing press: Johannes Gutenberg. Books made at the same time.
  • Modern printing press: mechanised process. Mass production of books. Information revolution.
  • Electronic books: read on a digital device. 

INVENTIONS: TRANSPORT REVOLUTION

Steam engine (250 years ago) changed how people moved around (ships, trains...).

  • Travel more quickly.
  • Carry more people and products.

It was also part of the Industrial Revolution; it changed how things were made in factories.


INVENTIONS: COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION
  • Telegraph (170 years ago).
  • Telephone (140 years ago).
  • Computers and smartphones. 
PEOPLE AND MACHINES

Machines help us in different ways:

  • At home (housework): washing machine, diswasher, vaccum cleaner, iron...
  • Communicate: telephone, television, radio, computer...
  • Transport (move around): bicycle, car, motorbike, train, plane..
  • Enjoy our free time (enjoy): video consoles, electronic books, machines at the funfair...
  • Jobs (to work):
    • Mechanics: screwdrivers, pliers, spanners...
    • Farmers: rakes, tractors, combine harvesters...
    • Doctors: syringes, X-ray and ultrasound machines...
Some machines and places of work are dangerous. Workers have to follow safety rules to protect their eyes, ears, head, feet...
  • Construction: wear a hard hat, boots and gloves
  • Laboratory: wear a mask, glasses, gloves, lab coat...
  • Driving: take a driving test, use the seatbelt...

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

Electricity is powerful and dangerous. It flows througt some materials and it is block through others.
  • Conductors: metal, water, trees and people.
  • Insulators: plastic, glass and rubber. 


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